Vibration & Modal — Cheat Sheet

Natural frequency, damping, resonance, transmissibility and beam/rotor mode frequencies.

Free vibration (SDOF)

Natural frequencyωₙ = √(k/m) [rad/s]
In hertzfₙ = ωₙ / 2π
PeriodT = 1 / fₙ
From static deflectionfₙ ≈ 0.5·√(g / δ_st)
Torsionalωₙ = √(k_t / J)

Damping

Damping ratioζ = c / c_c = c / (2√(km))
Critical dampingc_c = 2√(km) = 2mωₙ
Damped frequencyω_d = ωₙ√(1−ζ²)
Log decrementδ = ln(x₁/x₂) = 2πζ / √(1−ζ²)

Forced vibration & resonance

Frequency ratior = ω / ωₙ
Resonancer = 1 → amplify by 1/(2ζ)
MagnificationM = 1 / √[(1−r²)² + (2ζr)²]
TransmissibilityTR = √[1+(2ζr)²] / √[(1−r²)²+(2ζr)²]
Isolation regionr > √2

Continuous systems & modes

Cantilever, 1st modefₙ = (3.516/2π)·√(EI / mL⁴)
Simply supportedfₙ = (π/2)·√(EI / mL⁴)
Axial rodfₙ = (n/2L)·√(E/ρ)
Stringfₙ = (n/2L)·√(T/µ)
Notem = mass per unit length

Rotating machinery

Critical speedN_c [rpm] = 60·fₙ
Rotating unbalance forceF = m·e·ω²
Rule of thumbrun well below/above ωₙ; pass resonance quickly

Formula reference — verify against the governing standard. Not a substitute for engineering judgment.