Brake & Clutch Torque

Friction torque depends on how pressure distributes across the face. Uniform wear (worn-in) is the conservative design case; uniform pressure (new lining) predicts more. Count friction surfaces, not discs — a disc gripped both sides is 2.

Design to uniform wear. The real limit is usually thermal, not torque — all that stopping energy becomes heat in the lining, so check energy per stop and the duty cycle.