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Margin of Safety

Aerospace reports strength as a margin of safety: MS = allowable / (applied × FS) − 1. MS ≥ 0 passes; MS < 0 fails. A margin of exactly 0 means it is precisely adequate with no reserve.

Allowable (stress or load)

Applied (same units)

Factor of safety

Margin of safety

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Verdict

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Load capability

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Typical factors: 1.5 ultimate and 1.25 (or 1.0) yield for crewed aircraft; check the governing spec for your programme.

A helper, not a substitute for engineering judgment. Verify against the governing standard.