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PWM Duty Cycle

Pulse-width modulation switches full on and full off; the load sees the average. Duty = t_on/period and V_avg = duty × V_supply.

On time (µs)

Period (µs)

Supply voltage (V)

Duty cycle

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Frequency

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Average voltage

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For a motor or heater the average is what matters; for anything analogue add a filter well below the PWM frequency.

A helper, not a substitute for engineering judgment. Verify against the governing standard.