Stress Concentration Kt

Closed-form cases: small hole in a wide plate (Kt = 3, exact), elliptical hole Kt = 1 + 2a/b (Inglis), and a central hole in a finite-width plate (Heywood approximation).

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Kt is geometric (elastic); fatigue notch factor Kf ≤ Kt. A helper, not a substitute for engineering judgment.